東帝汶:獨立公投十年後(中英對照)

East Timor: Celebrating Global Solidarity for Freedom

譯者:Leonard(全球之聲) 原作者:Janet Gunter

全球之聲原連結

東帝汶自獨立公投迄今十年,全球之聲再度提供當地消息,不過這次是為慶祝當時國際強力支持,促進國家走向獨立自決:

Ten years after the referendum, global voices are again spreading the word for East Timor, but this time celebrating the strong international solidarity that back then culminated in the country's recognized self-determination:

"1999年8月30日,數十萬東帝汶選民勇敢對抗印尼的恐怖活動,在聯合國主辦的公投中表態支持獨立,公投結果終結印尼24年非 法殘忍的軍方占領行動,也創建東帝汶民主共和國,這是新千禧年第一個新國家,東帝汶民眾奮鬥數十年,再加上世界各地人士支持,才促成公投與獨立機會。"

“On 30 August, 1999, hundreds of thousands of Timorese voters braved an Indonesian-directed terror campaign to cast ballots for independence in a U.N.-organized referendum. This event, which ended Indonesia’s 24-year illegal, brutal military occupation, led to the creation of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste as the first new nation of the millennium. The vote was the culmination of decades of struggle by Timorese people, supported by solidarity activists around the world.”

記者Max Stahl的影片面世後,揭露1991年凶殘的Massacre de Santa Cruz屠殺事件,讓世人更加瞭解印尼占領時期在東帝汶的罪行。

The release of journalist Max Stahl's video recording of the outrageous Massacre de Santa Cruz in 1991 increased global awareness about the crimes occurring in East Timor under the Indonesian occupation.

1996年,霍塔(Jose Ramos-Horta)與貝羅主教(Bishop Ximenes Belo)共同獲得諾貝爾和平獎;三年後,印尼總統哈比比(Habibie)同意由東帝汶民眾自行決定,究竟要在印尼國內維持自治,或是自行獨立建國,全 世界當時也與東帝汶團結一心。

In 1996 Jose Ramos-Horta and Bishop Ximenes Belo were awarded the Peace Nobel Prize and only three years later Indonesian President Habibie allowed the people of East Timor to choose between autonomy within Indonesia and independence. And the world united along with East Timor.

美國的抗議活動

"Die-in" protest in the US. Credit: www.etan.org

在九零年代時,世界多國均出現團結運動,包括澳洲、紐西蘭、日本、葡萄牙、法國、荷蘭、愛爾蘭、德國、英國、加拿大、美國等,民眾向各國政府施壓,也抗議印尼的迫害行為,縱然在印尼國內,許多民眾也努力要阻止迫害政策與主張自決。

Solidarity movements able to pressure their governments and protest Indonesian abuses sprung up in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Portugal, France, Holland, Ireland, Germany, the UK, Canada and the US during the 1990s. Even within Indonesia, East Timorese had friends working to stop abuses and promote self-determination.

1999年舉行公投前的那個夏天,國際東帝汶聯盟籌組「觀察員計畫」,由22國成員前往東帝汶監督投票情況,公投前幾個月的安全規劃其實不太穩固,因為在聯合國斡旋的協議中,安全事務都交由印尼警方負責。

In the summer of 1999, in the lead up to the Referendum, the International Federation for East Timor assembled the Observer Project, an international team of members from at least 22 countries to go to Timor and monitor the vote. The security arrangements for the months preceding the referendum were shaky, as the UN-brokered agreement for the Referendum left security to the Indonesian police.

聯合國海報上寫著「我們不會離開」,圖片由澳洲東帝汶友誼網絡提供

UN poster that reads "We will not leave" credit to Australia Timor-Leste Friendship Network

國際東帝汶聯盟的觀察員勇敢前往東帝汶各地,1999年8月22日發佈的報告中指出:

IFET monitors bravely fanned out across the territory, a project report from August 22, 1999 explains

"我們在東帝汶各地租屋並派遣團隊進駐,每抵達一個城鎮後,觀察員會先聯絡當地警方及政府,再與公投正反雙方的社區領袖聯繫;觀察 員至先前已租好的房屋安頓後,便開始觀察,並詢問民眾對於公投宣傳活動與諮詢的看法,每個團隊每晚以電話回報,也提供書面週報。雖然觀察員本身並未受傷, 但不少人曾目睹暴力或威嚇事件,也將相關事件通報給聯合國及觀察計畫總部。"

“We have rented houses and deployed teams in every area of East Timor. Upon arriving in a town, an IFET-OP team first makes contact with the police and local authorities, and then with various community leaders and advocates on both sides of the campaign. They settle into a house which an IFET-OP advance team has arranged, and begin observing and inquiring about events and perceptions related to the campaign and other aspects of the consultation. Each team reports in nightly by phone and files a written weekly report. Although nobody on any of our teams has been injured, several have witnessed violent or intimidating incidents, and have reported such events to the appropriate authorities, UNAMET, and IFET-OP headquarters in Dili.”

國際東帝汶聯盟的觀察員通報公投後暴力情況,而絕大多數選民都在公投中支持獨立,觀察計畫在9月3日的報告提到:

The IFET observers reported the violence that engulfed East Timor after the vote, which it turned out, was overwhelmingly for independence from Indonesia. The IFET Observer Project reported on September 3

"觀察計畫成員前往首都迪力(Dili)的Becora地區,調查昨日民兵焚毀屋舍的事件,他們在現場看到剛燒毀的房子,消防隊員與記者都在場,觀察員也進入調查,十分鐘後,印尼軍方支持的民兵也出現。

“The observers, members of the International Federation for East Timor Observer Project (IFET-OP), traveled to the Becora neighborhood of Dili to investigate reports of militia burning houses in the area yesterday. When they arrived, they found a house newly ablaze, and with both firefighters and journalists at the scene, the IFET-OP team went to investigate. Ten minutes after the observers arrived, the Indonesian military-backed militia showed up at the house.

"民兵攻擊一位美國籍觀察員的臉部,芬蘭籍女性觀察員也遭民兵持槍攻擊背部,另一位芬蘭籍觀察員遭人持槍威脅,民兵亦毆打觀察員座車的司機,並打破一扇車窗。"

“The Aitarak (Thorn) militia struck one U.S. IFET-OP member in the face. Another team member, a woman from Finland, was hit in the back by a militia holding a gun. Yet another Finnish team member was threatened at gunpoint. The militia members also punched the IFET-OP driver and smashed a window on his car.”

民兵暴力事件在公投結束後旋即發生,全球各地團體要求各國政府關注東帝汶狀況惡化,以下影片由Jose Budha提供,記錄當時葡萄牙社會如何支持東帝汶:

With militia violence kicking off again almost immediately after the vote, solidarity groups around the world began to demand their governments pay attention to the worsening situation in East Timor. The following video, from Jose Budha, portrays how Portugal stood up and stopped in that period:

影片字幕:許多民眾一同站立三分鐘,以表達對遙遠東帝汶民眾的支持,從空中鳥瞰,共排列成十公里長的人龍,數千人之後前往西班牙馬德 里,共同高聲向印尼大使館喊出反對的聲音。印尼最終答應讓國際部隊進駐東帝汶,聯合國花費一星期組織部隊前往,我們不知道多少人身亡,印尼原本有18人遭 指控涉入1999年的暴力事件,但最後只有一人遭到判刑,其他人都無罪獲釋。我們可以確定未來在必要時刻,無數把聲音都已準備好大喊,一同傳播至 14000公里外的東帝汶。

[Subtitles] The images of a country standing for 3 minutes in solidarity with a distant people ran the world, as did the aerial view of a 10 kilometers human chain. Thousands ended up heading towards Madrid, so that they could shout loudly their rebellion against the Indonesian Embassy. Indonesia eventually accepted the entry of an international force in East Timor. The UN took another week to send this force. We do not know how many people died. Out of the 18 accused in Indonesia of involvement in the events of 99, only 1 was convicted and the others were acquitted in different instances. There is a certainty that in the future, when necessary, there are millions of voices ready to scream, reaching as far as 14,000 kilometers away, to Timor Lorosa'e.

公投結果於9月4日正式公佈後,便出現不少傷亡及暴力事件,TAPOL在1999年指出:

After the results were out in the 4th of September numerous atrocities, killings and devastation happened as TAPOL reported in 1999:

"公投結果於9月4日宣佈後,民兵部隊發動大規模焦土政策行動,民兵與軍方最惡名昭彰的744及745部隊合流,共15000人參與其中,若無這麼大批兵力,他們無法如此快速掌控局勢。

“After the referendum results were announced on 4 September, the militias and their Kopassus bosses unleashed a scorched-earth policy of gigantic proportions. Para-military forces joined the fray, along with six TNI battalions, including two notorious local battalions, 744 and 745. Altogether about 15,000 men were involved. Without such a large contingent of men, it could never have taken hold so rapidly.

"Sapu Jagad-II行動雖然企圖讓外界認為,這些傷害源於各地支持印尼的民眾自發所為,但種種證據皆顯示,暴力活動均為軍方預謀進行,村民常被迫燒毀自己的 家園。這場行動就是為了懲罰支持獨立運動的群眾,天主教教堂因常成為東帝汶民眾逃難的庇護所,也是攻擊一大目標。"

“Although [Operation] Sapu Jagad-II sought to create the impression that this was a spontaneous outpouring of anger by pro-Indonesia forces, there is overwhelming evidence that the destruction was a well-prepared military operation. In many places, villagers were forced to destroy and burn their own neighbourhoods, even their own houses. The aim was to destroy as much as possible and punish the pillars of the pro-independence movement. The Catholic Church, which had given sanctuary to fleeing East Timorese throughout the occupation, was one of the main targets.”

照片來自「大屠殺觀察:東帝汶1975年至1999年報告」,由Adam Jones研究撰寫而成,照片依非營利原則授權使用

Photo from "Genocide Watch: East Timor 1975-1999", researched and written by Adam Jones. Shared under a license for non-profit use.

由於情勢相當危急,所有觀察計畫志工不得不在1999年9月7日離開東帝汶:

All IFET OP volunteers were forced to leave Dili by September 7, 1999 under extremely harrowing circumstances

"今天是9月7日,最後一批觀察員不得不撤離東帝汶,過去兩天,澳洲皇家空軍已將我們60名成員送至澳洲達爾文。

Today, September 7, the last of our observers was forced to leave East Timor. Over the past two days, the Royal Australian Air Force evacuated 60 of our nonpartisan volunteers to Darwin from Dili and Baucau.

"我們為安全因素離開東帝汶,但感到相當難過,東帝汶人民無法逃往澳洲,也沒有地方躲避民兵恐怖行為,澳洲與印尼軍方昨晚阻擋觀察計畫一位東帝汶成員上機,讓他和無數當地民眾一樣,都得面對無法言說的恐懼。

We left East Timor for safety, but with tremendous sadness. The East Timorese people have no Australia to run to, no place to hide from militia terror. Last night, Australia and Indonesian military officers prevented one of our East Timorese staff members from boarding the plane with us — and he faces an unspeakable horror shared by hundreds of thousands of his fellow East Timorese.

"早在我們之前,多數國際觀察員與媒體已離開東帝汶,我們是最後一批非政府組織成員,聯合國在東帝汶也只剩首都迪力的單位還在,不過通訊與電力均已遭截斷,他們的屋舍四週滿是民兵,若要向屋內開火也毫無阻礙。"

“Most international observers and media fled East Timor before IFET-OP had to leave, and we were the last international NGO to leave. UNAMET has withdrawn from the entire country except Dili, where their communications and electricity has been cut off, and they are surrounded by militias who shoot into their compound virtually without interruption.”

由於民眾並不放棄,讓所謂的「舉世壓力」愈來愈大,Tane Timor網站上可見葡萄牙抗爭活動的照片,Maremargo張貼來自西班牙的畫面,Antonio Jose在Uma Lulik部落格上描述1999年9月7日與8日兩天,葡萄牙首都里斯本出現前所未見的團結運動:

The mentioned “world pressure” became more and more real as citizens did not resign. Some photos of solidarity ties in Portugal may be seen in Tane Timor website. Maremargo posted images from Spain. Antonio Jose, from Uma Lulik blog, illustrated and emotionally described what was happening in Lisbon in a never before seen solidarity during the 7th and the 8th [pt] of September 1999:

"消防員連續鳴笛長達三分鐘…我們為了東帝汶,前所未見地停下一切…

“The firemen truck sirens were heard for 3 uninterrupted minutes … we stopped for East Timor as we never stopped for anything else … EVERYONE (…)

“As sirenes dos bombeiros ouviram-se ininterruptas nesses 3 minutos… parámos por Timor-Leste como nunca parámos por mais nada… TODOS (…)

"當天下午在屋頂上,人們用無數紙張與一捲捲的廁紙做為抗議素材,傍晚所有紙張便已用盡,於是人們開始撕電話簿…微風也幫助我們將抗議訊息與紙張直接送往美國大使館,落在使館內的樹上、花園及週邊區域,後來便有穿著西裝的男子出現的屋頂,當然是為了這些紙張…"

“Throughout the afternoon from the top of that building, papers, little bits of paper and rolls of toilet paper were constantly released, everything that came to hand was material to protest. In late afternoon we found out that the stock had finished just because they were then throwing the yellow pages… the breeze was also helping us to send out the protests directly to the U.S. Embassy, in the trees, in its garden and surroundings. At the top of the building we saw men in suits, the cause was [the paper] …”

“Durante toda a tarde do cimo daquele prédio foram lançados constantemente papeis e papelinhos, rolos de papel higiénico, tudo o que vinha à mão era material para protesto. No final da tarde percebe-se que esse stock acabou pois eram as páginas amarelas que fluíam nessa altura… aquele ventinho sempre a ajudar e a depositar os protestos em plena embaixada dos EUA, nas árvores, no seu jardim e envolventes. No topo do prédio viam-se gente de gravata e camisa, a causa era a mesma…”

1999年9月,葡葡牙里斯本聯合國總部前的東帝汶公民不服從運動,照片來自Flickr用戶nopasaran,經許可後使用

"Civil non-obedience for Timor Loro Sa'e" in front of UN Headquarters in Lisbon, Portugal, September 1999. Photo by Flickr user nopasaran, used with permission.

東帝汶行動網絡除了在1999年9月號召人民走上街頭,也發動逾萬名美國人寫信與打電話:

While the East Timor Action Network put people on the streets in September 1999, it was also able to count on the phone calls and letters of over ten thousand Americans

"行動網絡在1999年不斷成長,會員由8500人增加至11700人,[…]我們過去八年追求人們認為毫無希望的目標,但也 累積經驗與人脈,形成公眾及政府壓力,[…]九月時,網站每週瀏覽人次逾四萬,[…]許多主流媒體報導與節目亦訪問組織的活躍成員及志工,將訊息 傳遞給數千萬民眾,我們也投書至美國主要報紙、寫信給編輯,並參與地方及全國性廣播及電視節目。"

“ETAN grew during 1999, enlarging our membership from 8,500 to 11,700. […] Using our experience and national activist network developed through eight years of dedication to a cause many called hopeless, ETAN mobilized public and official pressure. […] In September, ETAN’s web site was visited by more than 40,000 people a week. […] During September, our most active staff and volunteers were featured or quoted in countless mainstream media articles and programs, reaching tens of millions. ETAN activists authored op-eds in major U.S. newspaper, wrote letters to the editor, and appeared on local and national radio and TV shows.”

而在世界的另一隅,國際介入的關鍵時刻出現在紐西蘭亞太經濟合作會議高峰會前夕,時任美國總統的柯林頓(Bill Clinton)私下與太平洋各國領袖會晤,當時他在幾天前才宣佈,要暫停美軍與印尼的軍事訓練,Nigel Morley在Writing for the Future部落格指出:

On the other side of the world, the decisive moment for international intervention happened on the eve of the APEC summit in New Zealand, when Bill Clinton privately met with Pacific leaders. Only days prior he had announced the suspension of US military training with Indonesia. According to blogger Nigel Morley of “Writing for the Future“

"有些讀者可能覺得不可思議,不過1999年紐西蘭亞太經合會高峰會時,東帝汶諾貝爾和平獎得主霍塔與美國總統柯林頓見面,柯林頓曾提到,霍塔對美國國會的影響力比自己還大。(Zubrycki: 2002)"

“To some readers this may seem fanciful but when Timorese Nobel Peace Prize winner José Ramos-Horta met United States (U.S.) President Bill Clinton at the APEC meeting in New Zealand in 1999, Clinton remarked that Ramos-Horta had more influence with Congress than he did (Zubrycki: 2002).”

許多紐西蘭民眾沿途歡迎柯林頓、霍塔與澳洲總理霍華德(John Howard),澳洲人亦「為東帝汶上街」:

New Zealanders turned out in numbers to welcome Clinton, Ramos Horta and Australian Prime Minister Howard. Australians also “Take To The Streets Over East Timor”:

澳洲雪梨/悉尼街頭「母與子」照片來自Flickr用戶Potsy,經許可後使用

From Sidney, Australia, "Mother & Child" photo by Flickr user Potsy, used with permission

"布條上寫著「停止殺戮」、「(軍方將領)Wiranto是殺人犯」,人們高喊著「解放東帝汶」、「東帝汶萬歲」,因為人們先前已聽到東帝汶反抗領袖古斯毛(Jose “Xanana” Gusmão)來自印尼首都雅加達的電話內容。

“Banners saying “Stop The Slaughter” and “Wiranto - Murder.” Chants of “Free East Timor” and “Viva Timor Leste” (long live East Timor) came from the crowd after it heard from East Timorese resistance leader Mr Jose “Xanana” Gusmão during a live telephone hook-up from Jakarta.

"古斯毛在電話中表示:「各位澳洲的兄弟姐妹,我們需要你們,需要你們的聲音,各位必須向印尼政府傳達訊息,告訴他們澳洲民眾將盡一切力量阻止殺戮,東帝汶萬歲」,群眾也一同高喊「萬歲」。"

““We need you, brothers and sisters of Australia, we need your voice,” Xanana Gusmao in Jakarta said by telephone, “I think it is important to send a message to the Indonesian Government that the Australian community and Australian workers will do everything they can to stop the killings. Viva East Timor,” he said. “Viva,” the crowd yelled back.”

1999年Kingsgrove中學學生呼籲解放東帝汶,照片來自Flickr用戶sHzaam!,經許可後使用

Students from Kingsgrove High School pledge their support for a free Timor in 1999. Photo by Flickr user sHzaam!, used with permission

在1999年9月的日子裡,世界領袖緩慢介入東帝汶,人們逐漸意識到印尼軍方及民兵只為摧毀當地,形成嚴重人道危機,而廣大民眾發起抗議活動,讓美國、澳洲與印尼感到羞愧,也為東帝汶展開新頁。

During the torturous days of September 1999, world leaders moved slowly to intervene in East Timor, when it was clear that the Indonesian military and its proxies were completely destroying the territory, and setting off a humanitarian crisis of massive proportions. But the decisive protest and advocacy of groups of concerned citizens across the world shamed the US, Australia, and Indonesia into turning a new page for East Timor.

十年後,我們該慶祝全球團結的成果,迪力地區預計舉辦多場活動,例如Fundação Oriente的照片展,1999年的大屠殺也發生在此,展覽將回顧這些年來的團結運動發展。

A decade later, it is time to celebrate that global union. Several events are scheduled in Dili, such as a photo exhibition in Fundação Oriente (which was itself the place where a massacre occurred in 1999) describing solidarity movements over the years.